Friday, September 11, 2020

Professional Essay Writing Services For Students

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Wednesday, September 2, 2020

How Long Does It Take To Write 1,500 Words?

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Friday, August 28, 2020

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Tuesday, June 2, 2020

Research and Describe Planning and Facilitating a Group - 1650 Words

Research and Describe Planning and Facilitating a Group (Essay Sample) Content: Planning and Facilitating a GroupName:University:In this essay, I have chosen the planning and facilitating of a community recovery co-ordination group after a major flood. I will be first discussing the type of treatment group this is by giving an overview of the group type. Second, I will be discussing two critical stages of the group. These are the planning stage and the beginning stage. I will further be analyzing critically both the internal and external aspects that could influence these two steps. Correct presentation of the essay including the use of correct grammar and proper punctuation will be observed.Being a member of one NGO in Northern Territory region in Australia, the organization has chosen me to plan and start a group of competent people that will help the victims of a major flood to recover. I think this is a task group for meeting communitys needs, a social action group for several reasons. To start with, these will be a group focusing on a task t o be completed, to help the victims of a major flood recovery. This purpose will be external to the personal needs of the group members; they are not the victims. Secondly, the roles of the members will be assigned to the various team members. They will be allocated to a person by his preferences. For instance, members will be appointed to subcommittees to collect needed data such as the names of the victims. Thirdly, the communication pattern in this group will be focused on one primary task. Moreover, the team will be made public to get help from outside. Different members of the society including the government will be invited to give their input. This will be of great help since experienced people can come and give their useful contribution which can boost the process of helping the victims. To add on this, its a group that will be giving the victims power to engage in a collective action to alter an aspect of the physical environment (Lupe Randall, 2009)The planning process is a critical stage in the making of a group. The plan should follow a suitable and work model that ensures the accomplishment of the teams task. In this essay, I will be discussing such model. The first thing is to ensure assessing potential members of the team. They should be competent persons with some knowledge of handling such epidemics as floods. After determining the potential members, the recruitment should start. Members will be notified of the groups purpose, vision, mission and the main tasks. Vision is what the team is anticipating to achieve at the end of the job. For instance, it might be ensuring that all victims recover in the soonest time possible. The group vision helps members to stay focused and work harder to achieve the vision (Lupe Randall, 2009)..A goal is something someone needs to realize after working within a particular time frame. It is either short term or long term. An example of a goal which can set is; renovating the houses destructed by the floods wi thin a period of four months. Objectives help members to focus on certain important issues. A good example of a group objective is; ensuring that the victims get the best service ever, a service they deserve. Step by step actions that must be followed and implemented by the group members to accomplish the task at hand. It describes the work to be undertaken by different team members. After recruitment, the team will now be composed and an orientation of the group members done. Following will be signing an agreement contract for all members. A healthy working environment is then set which can enable the smooth running of the groups operations. The reviewing of the groups purpose, vision, mission and the main tasks will then be done (Roseland Rivas, 2014).After having the plan, then the team can begin. In the beginning stage, the first essential thing is to introduce new members. Their names, where they come from, their areas of expertise and other necessary details will be mentioned . Since this is a community service group, members are free to express themselves. A lot of confidentiality is not advisable in this type of group. The purpose of the group will now be described in details. The central aspect should be highlighted. This being a community service organization, the purpose of the group can be made public. This might be of great help as other volunteers can see the purpose of the group and come to offer additional help. The next thing in this stage is to help members feel a part of the team. Although the task-oriented groups require members to follow written down formal direction strictly, in this cluster members will be made to see the UN strictness of the group, to feel free and as part of the team. Guiding the group so that it can develop is another part of this stage. The group requires proper guidance and directions. This will help in its growth and development. It being a task-oriented group, clear guidelines for the group will be set (Roseland Rivas, 2014).The duties of the team will then be highlighted and discussed in detail. Members should be aware of their responsibilities and set their minds into performing those particular tasks. Members will now together establish the goals for the group. These should be clear, precise and achievable. Their time frames should be calculated with particular consciousness. They should set both short and long-term goals. The group leader should then facilitate the motivation of every member of the team. This canbe achieved by letting the members see the benefits that would come with the accomplishment of the teams primary objective. It will encourage them and give them the pressure even to work harder. In any group, some resistance is usually expected from some of the members; the group leader should be well prepared to handle such resistance. Proper mechanisms will be put in place to cater for any disparities which arise in the group. The leader will be anticipating the obstacles whic h may come on the way to distract the team from accomplishing its mission. The leader will be well versed with risk mitigation mechanisms to help and reduce the occurrence of eventualities. The last thing which I will be looking at as the leader is monitoring and evaluating the change process. The change should be positive and of benefit to the group. Anything contrary to this will be dropped immediately and a proper action taken (Joseph, 2016).One important aspect that influences the stages of planning and beginning a group is the communication and interaction patterns. Communication can be termed as the passing of information from one person to another. On the other hand, communication facilitates the interaction between people. In other words, communication facilitates interaction between people. It involves three essential aspects which are the sender, transmitter, and the end receiver. Interactions happen during the...

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Essay about The Human Right Violations at Abu Ghraib

The Human Right Violations at Abu Ghraib In 1949, the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War was created to prohibit immoral, cruel and degrading punishment toward prisoners during wartime. The United States ratified this covenant and became a member of the Geneva Conventions. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, a series of human abuses occurred from October through December of 2003 where American military personnel have conducted acts of brutality and immoral behavior toward Iraqi detainees at the Abu Ghraib prison. The inhumane â€Å"interrogation method† of the American military have clearly violated Article 2 and 4 of the Geneva Conventions. Article 2.2 states â€Å"No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state†¦show more content†¦The responsibility of this failure is institutional as well as personal at higher levels. Abu Ghraib and the Root Causes of Abuse When President Bush declared the War on Terror after the incident of September 11, 2001, he was declaring a new kind of war on a different kind of enemy. The al-Qaeda terrorist group who were responsible for the destruction of World Trade Center is organized differently than any enemy that the U.S. has faced before. Since the terrorists were determined to target large numbers of American civilians, the Bush administration issued a memorandum which declared the Geneva Conventions cannot apply to unconventional combatants such as al-Qaeda, it states â€Å" I accept the legal conclusion of the Department of Justice and determine that none of the provisions of Geneva apply to our conflict with al Qaeda in Afghanistan or elsewhere through the world because; among other reasons al Qaeda is not a High Contracting Party to Geneva. (Bush 2002)† In 2002, the Office of Legal Counsel responded to the President’s request of exploring the question whether American officials have the right to use torture against suspected terrorists. Assistant Attorney General Jay S. Bybee of the Office of Legal Counsel not only legalized the use of torture for U.S. officials but also defined torture in the narrowest way. He defines torture as inflicting physical pain, or any serious physical injury such as failure of organs or at the mostShow MoreRelatedWhat Can Social Psychology Teach Us About What Happened At Abu Ghraib? Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pagesabout what happened at Abu Ghraib? By Mandy Stead During the Iraq war that between 2003 and 2006, the united states army committed a series of human rights violations against prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison near Bagdad. The violations included murder, sexual and physical abuse, rape, torturer, sodomy, humiliating and dehumanizing prisoners. In 2004 the abuse that was carried out was exposed by the publication of images that were taken by the soldiers that carried out the violations. This paper will beRead MoreSocial Structure And Anomie : Merton995 Words   |  4 PagesConcept of Anomie and the Abuse at Abu Ghraib, Mestrovic and Lorenzo state that Durkheim’s ideas on anomie help to explain the abuse at Abu Ghraib. During the war in Iraq in 2003, the U.S. military committed many human rights violation at Abu Ghraib, these violations included physical abuse, sexual abuse, rape, and murder. This situation strangely received support from the media in the United States. They argue that the dysfunction and disorganization at Abu Gh raib was so great that breaking of normsRead MoreDr. Zimbardo s The Lucifer Effect 1491 Words   |  6 Pagesreligion, law, war, race, superiority, superstition and various other reasons. Our history is overflowing with blood poured out sometimes for heroic deeds but often for a means to gain power. I have often speculated on the reason behind these violations of human dignity and killing, when every religion and social culture promotes good will and condemns evil. So what makes ‘good people’ turn the corner between good and evil? We often see evil as an outside force interrupting our lives! We considerRead MoreTorture And Dehumanization Of The Holocaust And Abu Ghraib2026 Words   |  9 PagesDehumanization in the Holocaust and Abu Ghraib Throughout time, torture has been used as a cruel war tactic to exploit human beings and dehumanize the characteristics that give people their identities outside of prison walls. In Rena s Promise: A Story of Sisters in Auschwitz, Rena Kornreich tells her own accounts of the torture she experienced by both men and women during World War II. Similarly, Coco Fusco sheds light on the use of torture by women in the United States Abu Ghraib military scandal in A FieldRead MoreAmnesty International ( Ai )923 Words   |  4 Pagesof the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and other internationally recognized human rights standards (Our Mission, 2015).† In order to do this AI publishes research, takes actions that get the attention of governments and policy makers, and advocate for the advancement of human rights (Our Mission, 2015). It is on these three fronts that I have focused my research. First and foremost, AI publishes information about human rights and human strugglesRead MoreThe Professional Army As A Profession1134 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Non-Commissioned Officers. The fluctuating opinions of the professional Army was mostly due to social definitions of a professional, and the Army’s ability to meet its criteria. The Army is a profession because it requires specialized skills and human expertise, establishes ethical behavior for its members, and contain members who embrace and are stewards of the culture. The Army is a profession because it requires a collaboration of highly training Soldiers who possess specialized skills thatRead MoreEssay about How Should Prisoners of War be Treated?3167 Words   |  13 PagesFriedman counter poses the present-day United States’s treatment of prisoners of war against the more compassionate way that Washington and his soldiers dealt with British and Hessian prisoners of war. Washington believed that every combatant had the right to surrender peacefully. Because of Washington’s treatment of prisoners of war, Friedman contends that â€Å"George Washington and the American soldiers and civilians fighting alongside him in the New Jersey campaign not only reversed the momentum of aRead MoreThe Effects Of Torture On Human Rights Violations1907 Words   |  8 Pagesthe controversial topic until after the Abu Ghraib incident surfaced in April 2004. The Baghdad Central Prison, formerly known as Abu Ghraib prison was a complex west of B aghdad. During the war in Iraq, US armed forces committed a number of human rights violations, including â€Å"pouring phosphorus liquid on detainees, pouring cold water on naked detainees, beating detainees† (Hersh) and committing other psychological, physical, and sexual abuses. At the Abu Ghraib prison, military officials abused detaineesRead MoreThe Lai Massacre And The Vietnam War1186 Words   |  5 Pagesin My Lai were held separately from the Nuremberg trails because officials wanted to avoid creating parallels between the two events. However, parallels can be drawn with American conduct in Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay. Troops who were in violation of international law and committed war crimes in Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay were not held accountable for their action to their full extent. In fact, those who were convicted were not necessarily charged with war crimes. This leads us to question whether

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Analysis of the BLITZ Employee Survey Data Set

Question: Scenario We continue with the analysis of the BLITZ employee survey data set. As introduced before BLITZ is a department store which employees over 3,000 people. Management is concerned about the wide variation in productivity between employees and whether employee job satisfaction and their sense of job security plays any part in this problem. The organisation also has staff planning issues that need addressing, including planning to replace workers who retire, undertaking a recruitment drive for new employees and providing adequate promotion opportunities within the company. Also, Management is concerned about the wide variation in productivity between employees, and suspects the amount of unpaid overtime hours worked may play a part in this problem. Management has asked you to investigate, and if their suspicions are realised, to develop a model to help predict productivity based on the number of unpaid overtime hours worked. Q1. Is there a relationship between JOB SECURITY and PRODUCTIVITY? In this exercise we are investigating the existence of a relationship between productivity and job security. Before checking for an existence of relationship, we need to establish the type of variables we are dealing with and which variable is the dependent variable out of the two variables. What types of variables are Job Security and Productivity? Which of the two is the dependent variable for this exercise? Interpret the following output: a) With the following table of comparative summary measures, highlight the major differences in the summary measures of productivity across the three different levels of job security. Productivity Insecure Productivity Secure Productivity Very secure Mean 94.22 98.80 103.59 Standard Error 0.49 0.56 0.85 Median 95 98.15 104.15 Mode 95 98 107 Standard Deviation 1.84 2.50 3.19 Sample Variance 3.38 6.24 10.15 Kurtosis -1.31 -0.48 1.41 Skewness -0.42 0.17 -1.36 Range 5.3 8.9 10.4 Minimum 91.2 94.3 96.6 Maximum 96.5 103.2 107 Sum 1319.1 1975.9 1450.3 Count 14 20 14 Q1 92.63 97.50 102.98 Q3 95.40 101.08 105.70 IQR 2.78 3.58 2.72 b) With the following multiple box plot of productivity vs. job security, give a brief description of the major differences in productivity across the three groups of workers. (c) Based on what you have found in (a) and (b), do you think there is a relationship between productivity and job security? Q2. Is there a relationship between GENDER and PRODUCTIVITY? This time you will produce the statistical output comparing the productivity of females and males. a) Generate comparative summary measures of productivity for females and males. In Excel we first need to split the productivity data into two groups (for females and males). To do so, go to the BLITZ_EmployeeSurvey_Data worksheet, select any cell in row 1, press the Data tab, and then press the Filter button . In cell B1, click on the drop down box and select only Female employees (see Figure 1a). Next copy all female productivity figures in column D and paste into the Working worksheet in cell C7. Repeat for male productivity figures and paste in cell D7. While still in the Workings worksheet, click on the Data tab and then press Data Analysis. From the pop-up window select Descriptive Statistics and press OK. Enter the Input Range, Output Range, check Labels in First Row, and select Summary Statistics as shown in Figure 1b. Press OK. Underneath your summary measures table, calculate the 1st quartile, 3rd quartile and IQR in rows 22 24. See tutorial 3, step 3(a) for formulas if necessary. (b) In your spreadsheet, highlight the major differences in the summary measures of productivity across females and males. (c) Draw a multiple box plot of productivity vs. gender (by hand). (d) Based on your answers from (a) (c), is there a relationship between productivity and gender? Q3. Cross Tabulations - Productivity vs. Department Produce a frequency cross-tabulation using Microsoft Excel. While in the Workings worksheet, select the Insert tab and click on Pivot Table. From the pop-up window, enter the Table/Range and Location as shown in Figure 2(a).This creates a blank cross-tabulation (pivot table). From the Pivot Table Field List: click-and-drag the Productivity variable to the column fields of the table. click-and-drag the Department variable to the row fields of the table. click-and-drag the Employee variable to the data items of the table. Next we need to group the productivity figures into classes. To do so: right-click anywhere in the productivity column and select Group (see Figure 2b) In the pop-up window, set the classes as shown in Figure 2c. Press OK (b) Produce a row percentage cross-tabulation using Excel. Right-click anywhere in the body of your pivot table, select Summarise Data By, select More options (see Figure 3a). Select the Show values as tab, choose % of row and then press OK (see Figure 3b). (c) Which department appears to be performing the worst in terms of employees meeting their productivity targets? Q4. Scatter diagrams and Correlation analysis Draw a scatter diagram of Productivity vs. Age In Excel, it is easiest to plot a scatter diagram if you have the two variables beside each other. As such, copy the Days Absent data from the BLITZ_EmployeeSurvey_Data worksheet (column L) and paste to the Workings sheet (in cell C76). Similarly, copy and paste the Productivity data to cell D76 on the Workings sheet. Highlight the data on the Workings worksheet. From the Excel menu, select the Insert tab and then choose Scatter (see Figure 4). Tidy up your diagram by adding labels to both axes (make sure the diagram is selected, from the Chart Tools menu item, choose the Layout tab, then select the appropriate options). Draw a scatter diagram of Productivity vs. DaysAbsent From your scatter diagram in part (b), describe the relationship (if any) between Productivity and DaysAbsent. Add a trendline to your scatter diagram. Choose Chart Tools, Layout tab, then select Trendline | More Trendline Options (see Figure 5a). Experiment with different trendlines (exponential, linear, etc). Make sure you check the Display Equation and Display R-squared checkboxes as shown in Figure 5b. Which trendline gives the best fit to the data? From your scatter diagram in parts (d) and (e), describe the relationship (if any) between Productivity and DaysAbsent. Q5. Regression Analysis (a) Build a regression model between Productivity and Unpaid Overtime. Make sure you are on the BLITZ_CustomerSurvey_Data worksheet. From the Data tab, select Data Analysis and then choose Regression. The pop-up window in Figure 1 will appear. Enter the Y-Range, X-Range, select the Labels checkbox and Output Range as shown in Figure 1. Press OK. (b) Explain, in practical terms, the values of b0 and b1 in the above equation. From your regression output, write down the practical interpretations of for R2 and syx. Q6. Residual Analysis (a) Check the model you created in question 3 does not violate any of the underlying assumptions of regression by doing a residual plot(s). Make sure you are on the BLITZ_CustomerSurvey_Data worksheet. Repeat the steps from Q3(a). This time set the Output Range to Working!$B$4 and select the Residuals, Standardized Residuals and Residual Plots checkboxes (see Figure 2). (b) Interpret the residual plot. (c) Are there any outliers (influential values)? Answers: Purpose The research study is conducted to analyze situations regarding Blitz departmental store with respect to different parameters. As the department has a large number of employees there are lot of scenarios like job satisfaction, job security, retirement, productivity e.t.c. concerning the employees that needed careful intervention. This played a major role behind conduction of the study as for proper functioning of the whole department all the issues must be in control. Therefore to identify the issues and also the positive factors was the objective of the analysis. The analysis is conducted in three parts a explorative summary data analysis, the prediction analysis and time series analysis. Through these analysis a complete vision of the scenario of the department can be judged. Data The data file for exploratory data analysis and regression are operated by the file Blitz Employee Survey Data and for the time series data the time series data file. The three types of analysis are carried out in their respective files. A sample of 48 employees are selected for data collection by random sampling method. Methodology For analysis of the employees data summary statistics and cross tabulation methods and scatter plots have been used. For the prediction purpose regression analysis is used and time series analysis is conducted by trend, seasonal indices and forecasting analysis. Results Topic 1 1. The first purpose of this study is get the association between job security and productivity. Job security is a categorical variable because 1 meant insecure, 2 meant secure and 3 meant very secure i.e. the data represents categories and productivity is a numerical variable. Productivity is taken as the dependent variable and Job security as the independent variable. From the comparative summary table it is seen that the people who are very secure are most productive followed by only secure and insecure. All the three categories shows little difference between productivity which is evident from the standard deviation and variance. The median and mode also gives the same interpretation as the mean. There is a little difference between the maximum and minimum values between all the three categories and therefore the range shows smaller values. The distribution of the productivity of insecure employees are little negatively skewed and platykurtic,are nearly symmetric and little platykurtic, negatively skewed and leptokurtic. The values of the First quartile representing the middle value of the lesser part of the distribution and Third quartile representing average of the greater part of the distribution and the interquartile range showing the middle 50 percent of the distribution are compared with the box plot analysis, it is seen that the more an employee is secure more is his production capacity since the mean values are higher and also as security tends to grow some of the employees may become less productivity because with increase in security feeling as scatteredness in data increases with more security as is evident from the box plot. However these results show that there is a relationship between productivity and job security which can be properly justified with further analysis. 2. The males employees seems to be a little more productive than the female employees with a greater mean and median although not the case in mode. But since mean and median are considered more reliable measure of average for this data set therefore the results corresponding to them is considered to be more justified. Also more consistency regarding productivity are seen more among the male employees than their female counterparts which is evident from the standard deviation and variance being little less for the male employees. Both the variables being symmetric and although leptokurtic can be approximated by a normal distributions with little modifications. From the interquartile range of the females being higher than the males and the box plot analysis that there is some variability between male and female production rate and a relation can be predicted between them. 3. Productivity being the main concern in this section it is has been analyzed which department are more productive using cross tabulation methods in Excel. The rows representing the departments and the columns representing the class intervals of productivity. The data represented the percentage of employees falling within each groups. Maximum number of employees are found in the Distn department with 90-100 productivity level, i.e. low productivity level making it the least productive department. Comparing the tables it can be said that the sales department is the most performing among the three with more productive employees. 4. The scatter diagram shows the association between two variables, here between the variables productivity and number of days absent. Here productivity is taken as the dependent variable on the y axis and number of days absent as the independent variable. The points in the scatter diagram show a bit dispersed points, therefore a trend line is fitted to the scatter diagram. From the trend line it is seen that there is a positive association between number of days absent and productivity but inspire of a linear relationship the trend equation shows a curvilinear relationship. 5. In this part of the analysis a prediction equation via regression is established between the variables productivity and unpaid overtime. The coefficient of unpaid overtime is -1.28 shows that there these two variables are negatively correlated, i.e. if an employee gives overtime without payment then his productivity is affected badly, the constant being 107.96. The value of R square being .65 shows that 65 percent of productivity is explainable via unpaid overtime however negatively. 6. From the residual plot it is seen that the equation is well fitted as the predicted values does not seem to deviate largely from the original values the deviations being less only with a few exceptions where the deviation seems to be greater than 2which can be treated as outliers. Also some of the predictions overestimate the original values while some of the predictions underestimate the original values showing both positive and negative deviations. However the absolute value of the residuals and the residual plot graph shows that the regression equation is a good fit. Topic 2 1. The productivity of an employee who works 10 hours of unpaid overtime is predicted to be 95.31 based on the regression equation. The productivity of an employee giving 10 hours overtime without pay can vary from 94.026 to 96.245 with 95% confidence level from his original productivity. The productivity of an employee giving 10 hours overtime without pay can vary from 89.743 to 100.528 with 95% confidence level from his predicted productivity of 95.31. From the data it is seen that the maximum number of hours of unpaid overtime is 12 and less than that. An overtime of 20 hours is much a data outside the original data range. However as the fit of the regression line was good therefore it may be used to predict the data. 2. From the scatter diagram of productivity vs. job satisfaction it is seen that there is a positive relation between productivity and job satisfaction, i.e. as job satisfaction increases productivity also increases because the scatter diagram shows a positive trend. Also the scatter diagram between weekly salary and productivity shows that both the variables are positively associated the more the weekly salary the more is the production. A correlation matrix is created between the variables showing positive correlation between productivity and Age, jobsatisfaction,weekly salary and gender and negative correlations between productivity and unpaid overtime. A strong negative correlation is observed between unpaid overtime and jobsatisfaction,weekly salary and positive correlations are found between weekly salary and age, job satisfaction. From the correlation matrix most of the strong correlations between productivity are job satisfaction, weekly salary and unpaid overtime . However due to strong correlation between job satisfaction and unpaid overtime , i.e. one of the variable is sufficient for prediction , the variable job satisfaction is replaced by gender and therefore the final selected variables are weekly salary , unpaid overtime and gender. 3. The regression equation is Productivity = 102.51 + .003*Wk Salary -.953*UovTime +.446*Gender The model seems to be a good fit as the level of significance is less than .05 and therefore the equation is a good predictive model. The significance value of weekly salary is less than .05 showing that the variable is a relevant predictor variable, the significance level of UovTime is much less than .05 also showing that it is a relevant predictor variable but the significance level of gender is greater than .05 showing that it is not a relevant predictor variable. The value of R square being .711 shows that 71% of productivity can be explained by these predictor variables(Chatterjee Price, 1977). The residual analysis shows that the predicted values shows some deviation from the originals as is seen from the value of the residuals showing both positive and negative deviations. From the standard residuals it is found that three values are over exceeding the original . Also from the residual plot it can be justified that the regression equation is a good fit because of the proximity between the predicted and the observed values. 4. From the regression model the productivity of a 35 year old male employee with an overtime without pay for 8 hours earning thousand dollar and a job satisfaction rating 15 is 98.07. The productivity of a 35 year old male employee with an overtime without pay for 8 hours earning thousand dollar and a job satisfaction rating 15 can vary from 97.29 to 98.85 from his original productivity and the productivity of a 35 year old male employee with an overtime without pay for 8 hours earning thousand dollar and a job satisfaction rating 15 can vary from 93.12 to 103.01 from his predicted productivity of 98.07 at 95% confidence interval. Topic 3 1. This part of analysis represents the time series analysis. A three monthly moving average is first calculated from the total quantity of kids items sold for 24 consecutive months followed by a five monthly moving average and a four year centered moving average. A comparison of the three moving averages is given in the chart showing graphical plot of all the three moving averages. The lines show little variation from each other which signifies the three moving averages smoothes the data almost evenly. The smoothing proved helpful because the graph shows evenness throughout the series in the diagram. After the moving average method of smoothing an exponential smoothing is conducted for the data with = 0.2, = 0.3 and = 0.9. From the plotted series The MAPE values give small error rates for all the three values of = .2, .3 and .9. with highest error rate with = .2 and lowest error rate with = .9. 2. A trend analysis has been observed for the quarterly data of sales. A linear trend line has been fitted to the data with the help of regression analysis and average percentage error has been calculated for all the series. The values for the next four quarters was estimated by the trend equation and it was compared to the given four values using the mean absolute percentage error. A slight deviation has been found between the values with a MAPE of 16%(Ostrom, 1990). 3. In a multiplicative model Yt = Trend (Tt)*Seasonal Fluctuations(St)*Irregularity(It) For this method at first the data is smoothed four quarterly centered moving averages. Next the normalized seasonal indexes has been calculated and then the deseasonalized values. From the deseasonalized values the trend line has been fitted. Mean Average percentage error have been calculated to compare the trend fitted values with the given forecasted values. The MAPE was 17%. The MAPE calculated from the trend values was 16% and the MAPE calculated from the multiplicative model was 17%, therefore the linear model was a slightly better forecasting model. Conclusion The concern of the management of the company was regarding productivity of the employees due to different factors. From the analysis it is found that all the variables had their effect on productivity. But the most effective variables were selected for the regression analysis. Also from the compact time series analysis future forecasts can be made easily. References Chatterjee, S., Price, B. (1977). Regression analysis by example. New York: Wiley. Ostrom, C. (1990). Time series analysis. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Saturday, April 18, 2020

Killer Whales Scientific Classification Order & Genus Essays

Killer Whales Scientific Classification: Order & Genus Killer Whales Scientific Classification: Order & Genus. The scientific order of all types of whales is Cetacea. This large order is broken down into three further groups as well: the toothed whales or Odontoceti, which includes killer whales, dolphins, porpoises, beluga whales, and sperm whales, the baleen whales or Mysticeti, which include blue whales, humpback whales, gray whales, and right whales, and the Archaeoceti order, which are all now extinct. The genus of these species is Orcinus orca. Family. The killer whale is the largest in its family of delphinid. Bottlenose dolphins, common dolphins, and Pacific white-sided dolphins are included in this group as well. The scientific name for this family is Delphinidae. Fossil Record. Modern forms of both odontocetes and mysticetes can be seen in the fossil record of five to seven million years ago. Scientists believe that early whales arose about fifty-five to sixty-five million years ago from, now extinct, ancient land mammals that happened to venture back into the sea. Habitat And Distribution: Distribution. Killer whales can be found in all oceans of the world. They are the most numerous in the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic. However, their distribution is limited by seasonal pack ice. Habitat. The main living environment for killer whales is open oceans but they can also be found in coastal waters as well. Migration. Killer whales are very important in the oceans because they cause much of the migration of many fish and other prey. The movements of the killer whale to and from certain areas cause the other prey to move as well. Population. The worldwide population of killer whales is unknown, however they are not endangered whatsoever. Specific populations in a few areas have been estimated in recent years and some areas of the Antarctic alone have about 180,000 killer whales. The population can be distinguished because killer whales travel in pods, or groups. The resident pods can vary from as few as five to as many as fifty whales. The transient pod size varies from one and seven individuals. Physical Characteristics: Size. Male killer whales average about twenty-two to twenty-seven feet and usually weigh between 8,000 and 12,000 pounds. The largest male ever recorded was thirty-two feet and weighed about 21,000 pounds. As a male approaches adulthood, it acquires the typical male characteristics: it gains weight, and its pectoral flippers, dorsal fin, and flukes grow larger than those of females. Female killer whales average about seventeen to twenty-four feet and usually weigh between 3,000 and 8,000 pounds. The largest female recorded was twenty-eight feet and weight about 15,000 pounds. Body Shape. The killer whale has a sleek, streamlined body. Its physical characteristics are adapted for life in an aquatic environment. Coloration. Killer whales are easily recognized by their distinct coloration. The dorsal surface and pectoral flippers are black, except for the area below and behind the dorsal fin. The ventral surface, lower jaw, and undersides of the tail flukes are mostly white and the undersides of the tail fluke are lined with black. A white eyespot is located just above and slightly behind each eye and a gray saddle is located behind the dorsal fin. The distinctive coloration of killer whales is a type of disruptive coloration, a camouflage in which the color pattern of an animal contradicts the animal's body shape. By the flickering, filtered sunlight of the sea, other animals may not recognize a killer whale as a potential predator. Thus, making it easy for the killer whale to get to its prey. Body Parts. A killer whale has distinct pectoral flippers, or forelimbs. They have the major skeletal elements of the forelimb's of land mammals, but they are foreshortened and modified. They are rounded and paddle-like and are used mainly to steer and, with the help of the flukes, to stop. The flukes are the lobe of the tail on a killer whale. They are flattened pads of tough, dense, fibrous connective tissue, completely without bone. A large male killer whale may have tail flukes measuring up to nine feet from tip to tip. All traces of hind limbs have disappeared except for two reduced, rod- shaped pelvic bones, which are buried deep in the body muscle. These reduced hind limbs are not connected to the vertebral column however. The dorsal