Essay about The Human Right Violations at Abu Ghraib

The Human Right Violations at Abu Ghraib In 1949, the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War was created to prohibit immoral, cruel and degrading punishment toward prisoners during wartime. The United States ratified this covenant and became a member of the Geneva Conventions. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, a series of human abuses occurred from October through December of 2003 where American military personnel have conducted acts of brutality and immoral behavior toward Iraqi detainees at the Abu Ghraib prison. The inhumane â€Å"interrogation method† of the American military have clearly violated Article 2 and 4 of the Geneva Conventions. Article 2.2 states â€Å"No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state†¦show more content†¦The responsibility of this failure is institutional as well as personal at higher levels. Abu Ghraib and the Root Causes of Abuse When President Bush declared the War on Terror after the incident of September 11, 2001, he was declaring a new kind of war on a different kind of enemy. The al-Qaeda terrorist group who were responsible for the destruction of World Trade Center is organized differently than any enemy that the U.S. has faced before. Since the terrorists were determined to target large numbers of American civilians, the Bush administration issued a memorandum which declared the Geneva Conventions cannot apply to unconventional combatants such as al-Qaeda, it states â€Å" I accept the legal conclusion of the Department of Justice and determine that none of the provisions of Geneva apply to our conflict with al Qaeda in Afghanistan or elsewhere through the world because; among other reasons al Qaeda is not a High Contracting Party to Geneva. 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Analysis of the BLITZ Employee Survey Data Set

Question: Scenario We continue with the analysis of the BLITZ employee survey data set. As introduced before BLITZ is a department store which employees over 3,000 people. Management is concerned about the wide variation in productivity between employees and whether employee job satisfaction and their sense of job security plays any part in this problem. The organisation also has staff planning issues that need addressing, including planning to replace workers who retire, undertaking a recruitment drive for new employees and providing adequate promotion opportunities within the company. Also, Management is concerned about the wide variation in productivity between employees, and suspects the amount of unpaid overtime hours worked may play a part in this problem. Management has asked you to investigate, and if their suspicions are realised, to develop a model to help predict productivity based on the number of unpaid overtime hours worked. Q1. Is there a relationship between JOB SECURITY and PRODUCTIVITY? In this exercise we are investigating the existence of a relationship between productivity and job security. Before checking for an existence of relationship, we need to establish the type of variables we are dealing with and which variable is the dependent variable out of the two variables. What types of variables are Job Security and Productivity? Which of the two is the dependent variable for this exercise? Interpret the following output: a) With the following table of comparative summary measures, highlight the major differences in the summary measures of productivity across the three different levels of job security. Productivity Insecure Productivity Secure Productivity Very secure Mean 94.22 98.80 103.59 Standard Error 0.49 0.56 0.85 Median 95 98.15 104.15 Mode 95 98 107 Standard Deviation 1.84 2.50 3.19 Sample Variance 3.38 6.24 10.15 Kurtosis -1.31 -0.48 1.41 Skewness -0.42 0.17 -1.36 Range 5.3 8.9 10.4 Minimum 91.2 94.3 96.6 Maximum 96.5 103.2 107 Sum 1319.1 1975.9 1450.3 Count 14 20 14 Q1 92.63 97.50 102.98 Q3 95.40 101.08 105.70 IQR 2.78 3.58 2.72 b) With the following multiple box plot of productivity vs. job security, give a brief description of the major differences in productivity across the three groups of workers. (c) Based on what you have found in (a) and (b), do you think there is a relationship between productivity and job security? Q2. Is there a relationship between GENDER and PRODUCTIVITY? This time you will produce the statistical output comparing the productivity of females and males. a) Generate comparative summary measures of productivity for females and males. In Excel we first need to split the productivity data into two groups (for females and males). To do so, go to the BLITZ_EmployeeSurvey_Data worksheet, select any cell in row 1, press the Data tab, and then press the Filter button . In cell B1, click on the drop down box and select only Female employees (see Figure 1a). Next copy all female productivity figures in column D and paste into the Working worksheet in cell C7. Repeat for male productivity figures and paste in cell D7. While still in the Workings worksheet, click on the Data tab and then press Data Analysis. From the pop-up window select Descriptive Statistics and press OK. Enter the Input Range, Output Range, check Labels in First Row, and select Summary Statistics as shown in Figure 1b. Press OK. Underneath your summary measures table, calculate the 1st quartile, 3rd quartile and IQR in rows 22 24. See tutorial 3, step 3(a) for formulas if necessary. (b) In your spreadsheet, highlight the major differences in the summary measures of productivity across females and males. (c) Draw a multiple box plot of productivity vs. gender (by hand). (d) Based on your answers from (a) (c), is there a relationship between productivity and gender? Q3. Cross Tabulations - Productivity vs. Department Produce a frequency cross-tabulation using Microsoft Excel. While in the Workings worksheet, select the Insert tab and click on Pivot Table. From the pop-up window, enter the Table/Range and Location as shown in Figure 2(a).This creates a blank cross-tabulation (pivot table). From the Pivot Table Field List: click-and-drag the Productivity variable to the column fields of the table. click-and-drag the Department variable to the row fields of the table. click-and-drag the Employee variable to the data items of the table. Next we need to group the productivity figures into classes. To do so: right-click anywhere in the productivity column and select Group (see Figure 2b) In the pop-up window, set the classes as shown in Figure 2c. Press OK (b) Produce a row percentage cross-tabulation using Excel. Right-click anywhere in the body of your pivot table, select Summarise Data By, select More options (see Figure 3a). Select the Show values as tab, choose % of row and then press OK (see Figure 3b). (c) Which department appears to be performing the worst in terms of employees meeting their productivity targets? Q4. Scatter diagrams and Correlation analysis Draw a scatter diagram of Productivity vs. Age In Excel, it is easiest to plot a scatter diagram if you have the two variables beside each other. As such, copy the Days Absent data from the BLITZ_EmployeeSurvey_Data worksheet (column L) and paste to the Workings sheet (in cell C76). Similarly, copy and paste the Productivity data to cell D76 on the Workings sheet. Highlight the data on the Workings worksheet. From the Excel menu, select the Insert tab and then choose Scatter (see Figure 4). Tidy up your diagram by adding labels to both axes (make sure the diagram is selected, from the Chart Tools menu item, choose the Layout tab, then select the appropriate options). Draw a scatter diagram of Productivity vs. DaysAbsent From your scatter diagram in part (b), describe the relationship (if any) between Productivity and DaysAbsent. Add a trendline to your scatter diagram. Choose Chart Tools, Layout tab, then select Trendline | More Trendline Options (see Figure 5a). Experiment with different trendlines (exponential, linear, etc). Make sure you check the Display Equation and Display R-squared checkboxes as shown in Figure 5b. Which trendline gives the best fit to the data? From your scatter diagram in parts (d) and (e), describe the relationship (if any) between Productivity and DaysAbsent. Q5. Regression Analysis (a) Build a regression model between Productivity and Unpaid Overtime. Make sure you are on the BLITZ_CustomerSurvey_Data worksheet. From the Data tab, select Data Analysis and then choose Regression. The pop-up window in Figure 1 will appear. Enter the Y-Range, X-Range, select the Labels checkbox and Output Range as shown in Figure 1. Press OK. (b) Explain, in practical terms, the values of b0 and b1 in the above equation. From your regression output, write down the practical interpretations of for R2 and syx. Q6. Residual Analysis (a) Check the model you created in question 3 does not violate any of the underlying assumptions of regression by doing a residual plot(s). Make sure you are on the BLITZ_CustomerSurvey_Data worksheet. Repeat the steps from Q3(a). This time set the Output Range to Working!$B$4 and select the Residuals, Standardized Residuals and Residual Plots checkboxes (see Figure 2). (b) Interpret the residual plot. (c) Are there any outliers (influential values)? Answers: Purpose The research study is conducted to analyze situations regarding Blitz departmental store with respect to different parameters. As the department has a large number of employees there are lot of scenarios like job satisfaction, job security, retirement, productivity e.t.c. concerning the employees that needed careful intervention. This played a major role behind conduction of the study as for proper functioning of the whole department all the issues must be in control. Therefore to identify the issues and also the positive factors was the objective of the analysis. The analysis is conducted in three parts a explorative summary data analysis, the prediction analysis and time series analysis. Through these analysis a complete vision of the scenario of the department can be judged. Data The data file for exploratory data analysis and regression are operated by the file Blitz Employee Survey Data and for the time series data the time series data file. The three types of analysis are carried out in their respective files. A sample of 48 employees are selected for data collection by random sampling method. Methodology For analysis of the employees data summary statistics and cross tabulation methods and scatter plots have been used. For the prediction purpose regression analysis is used and time series analysis is conducted by trend, seasonal indices and forecasting analysis. Results Topic 1 1. The first purpose of this study is get the association between job security and productivity. Job security is a categorical variable because 1 meant insecure, 2 meant secure and 3 meant very secure i.e. the data represents categories and productivity is a numerical variable. Productivity is taken as the dependent variable and Job security as the independent variable. From the comparative summary table it is seen that the people who are very secure are most productive followed by only secure and insecure. All the three categories shows little difference between productivity which is evident from the standard deviation and variance. The median and mode also gives the same interpretation as the mean. There is a little difference between the maximum and minimum values between all the three categories and therefore the range shows smaller values. The distribution of the productivity of insecure employees are little negatively skewed and platykurtic,are nearly symmetric and little platykurtic, negatively skewed and leptokurtic. The values of the First quartile representing the middle value of the lesser part of the distribution and Third quartile representing average of the greater part of the distribution and the interquartile range showing the middle 50 percent of the distribution are compared with the box plot analysis, it is seen that the more an employee is secure more is his production capacity since the mean values are higher and also as security tends to grow some of the employees may become less productivity because with increase in security feeling as scatteredness in data increases with more security as is evident from the box plot. However these results show that there is a relationship between productivity and job security which can be properly justified with further analysis. 2. The males employees seems to be a little more productive than the female employees with a greater mean and median although not the case in mode. But since mean and median are considered more reliable measure of average for this data set therefore the results corresponding to them is considered to be more justified. Also more consistency regarding productivity are seen more among the male employees than their female counterparts which is evident from the standard deviation and variance being little less for the male employees. Both the variables being symmetric and although leptokurtic can be approximated by a normal distributions with little modifications. From the interquartile range of the females being higher than the males and the box plot analysis that there is some variability between male and female production rate and a relation can be predicted between them. 3. Productivity being the main concern in this section it is has been analyzed which department are more productive using cross tabulation methods in Excel. The rows representing the departments and the columns representing the class intervals of productivity. The data represented the percentage of employees falling within each groups. Maximum number of employees are found in the Distn department with 90-100 productivity level, i.e. low productivity level making it the least productive department. Comparing the tables it can be said that the sales department is the most performing among the three with more productive employees. 4. The scatter diagram shows the association between two variables, here between the variables productivity and number of days absent. Here productivity is taken as the dependent variable on the y axis and number of days absent as the independent variable. The points in the scatter diagram show a bit dispersed points, therefore a trend line is fitted to the scatter diagram. From the trend line it is seen that there is a positive association between number of days absent and productivity but inspire of a linear relationship the trend equation shows a curvilinear relationship. 5. In this part of the analysis a prediction equation via regression is established between the variables productivity and unpaid overtime. The coefficient of unpaid overtime is -1.28 shows that there these two variables are negatively correlated, i.e. if an employee gives overtime without payment then his productivity is affected badly, the constant being 107.96. The value of R square being .65 shows that 65 percent of productivity is explainable via unpaid overtime however negatively. 6. From the residual plot it is seen that the equation is well fitted as the predicted values does not seem to deviate largely from the original values the deviations being less only with a few exceptions where the deviation seems to be greater than 2which can be treated as outliers. Also some of the predictions overestimate the original values while some of the predictions underestimate the original values showing both positive and negative deviations. However the absolute value of the residuals and the residual plot graph shows that the regression equation is a good fit. Topic 2 1. The productivity of an employee who works 10 hours of unpaid overtime is predicted to be 95.31 based on the regression equation. The productivity of an employee giving 10 hours overtime without pay can vary from 94.026 to 96.245 with 95% confidence level from his original productivity. The productivity of an employee giving 10 hours overtime without pay can vary from 89.743 to 100.528 with 95% confidence level from his predicted productivity of 95.31. From the data it is seen that the maximum number of hours of unpaid overtime is 12 and less than that. An overtime of 20 hours is much a data outside the original data range. However as the fit of the regression line was good therefore it may be used to predict the data. 2. From the scatter diagram of productivity vs. job satisfaction it is seen that there is a positive relation between productivity and job satisfaction, i.e. as job satisfaction increases productivity also increases because the scatter diagram shows a positive trend. Also the scatter diagram between weekly salary and productivity shows that both the variables are positively associated the more the weekly salary the more is the production. A correlation matrix is created between the variables showing positive correlation between productivity and Age, jobsatisfaction,weekly salary and gender and negative correlations between productivity and unpaid overtime. A strong negative correlation is observed between unpaid overtime and jobsatisfaction,weekly salary and positive correlations are found between weekly salary and age, job satisfaction. From the correlation matrix most of the strong correlations between productivity are job satisfaction, weekly salary and unpaid overtime . However due to strong correlation between job satisfaction and unpaid overtime , i.e. one of the variable is sufficient for prediction , the variable job satisfaction is replaced by gender and therefore the final selected variables are weekly salary , unpaid overtime and gender. 3. The regression equation is Productivity = 102.51 + .003*Wk Salary -.953*UovTime +.446*Gender The model seems to be a good fit as the level of significance is less than .05 and therefore the equation is a good predictive model. The significance value of weekly salary is less than .05 showing that the variable is a relevant predictor variable, the significance level of UovTime is much less than .05 also showing that it is a relevant predictor variable but the significance level of gender is greater than .05 showing that it is not a relevant predictor variable. The value of R square being .711 shows that 71% of productivity can be explained by these predictor variables(Chatterjee Price, 1977). The residual analysis shows that the predicted values shows some deviation from the originals as is seen from the value of the residuals showing both positive and negative deviations. From the standard residuals it is found that three values are over exceeding the original . Also from the residual plot it can be justified that the regression equation is a good fit because of the proximity between the predicted and the observed values. 4. From the regression model the productivity of a 35 year old male employee with an overtime without pay for 8 hours earning thousand dollar and a job satisfaction rating 15 is 98.07. The productivity of a 35 year old male employee with an overtime without pay for 8 hours earning thousand dollar and a job satisfaction rating 15 can vary from 97.29 to 98.85 from his original productivity and the productivity of a 35 year old male employee with an overtime without pay for 8 hours earning thousand dollar and a job satisfaction rating 15 can vary from 93.12 to 103.01 from his predicted productivity of 98.07 at 95% confidence interval. Topic 3 1. This part of analysis represents the time series analysis. A three monthly moving average is first calculated from the total quantity of kids items sold for 24 consecutive months followed by a five monthly moving average and a four year centered moving average. A comparison of the three moving averages is given in the chart showing graphical plot of all the three moving averages. The lines show little variation from each other which signifies the three moving averages smoothes the data almost evenly. The smoothing proved helpful because the graph shows evenness throughout the series in the diagram. After the moving average method of smoothing an exponential smoothing is conducted for the data with = 0.2, = 0.3 and = 0.9. From the plotted series The MAPE values give small error rates for all the three values of = .2, .3 and .9. with highest error rate with = .2 and lowest error rate with = .9. 2. A trend analysis has been observed for the quarterly data of sales. A linear trend line has been fitted to the data with the help of regression analysis and average percentage error has been calculated for all the series. The values for the next four quarters was estimated by the trend equation and it was compared to the given four values using the mean absolute percentage error. A slight deviation has been found between the values with a MAPE of 16%(Ostrom, 1990). 3. In a multiplicative model Yt = Trend (Tt)*Seasonal Fluctuations(St)*Irregularity(It) For this method at first the data is smoothed four quarterly centered moving averages. Next the normalized seasonal indexes has been calculated and then the deseasonalized values. From the deseasonalized values the trend line has been fitted. Mean Average percentage error have been calculated to compare the trend fitted values with the given forecasted values. The MAPE was 17%. The MAPE calculated from the trend values was 16% and the MAPE calculated from the multiplicative model was 17%, therefore the linear model was a slightly better forecasting model. Conclusion The concern of the management of the company was regarding productivity of the employees due to different factors. From the analysis it is found that all the variables had their effect on productivity. But the most effective variables were selected for the regression analysis. Also from the compact time series analysis future forecasts can be made easily. References Chatterjee, S., Price, B. (1977). Regression analysis by example. New York: Wiley. Ostrom, C. (1990). Time series analysis. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Killer Whales Scientific Classification Order & Genus Essays

Killer Whales Scientific Classification: Order & Genus Killer Whales Scientific Classification: Order & Genus. The scientific order of all types of whales is Cetacea. This large order is broken down into three further groups as well: the toothed whales or Odontoceti, which includes killer whales, dolphins, porpoises, beluga whales, and sperm whales, the baleen whales or Mysticeti, which include blue whales, humpback whales, gray whales, and right whales, and the Archaeoceti order, which are all now extinct. The genus of these species is Orcinus orca. Family. The killer whale is the largest in its family of delphinid. Bottlenose dolphins, common dolphins, and Pacific white-sided dolphins are included in this group as well. The scientific name for this family is Delphinidae. Fossil Record. Modern forms of both odontocetes and mysticetes can be seen in the fossil record of five to seven million years ago. Scientists believe that early whales arose about fifty-five to sixty-five million years ago from, now extinct, ancient land mammals that happened to venture back into the sea. Habitat And Distribution: Distribution. Killer whales can be found in all oceans of the world. They are the most numerous in the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic. However, their distribution is limited by seasonal pack ice. Habitat. The main living environment for killer whales is open oceans but they can also be found in coastal waters as well. Migration. Killer whales are very important in the oceans because they cause much of the migration of many fish and other prey. The movements of the killer whale to and from certain areas cause the other prey to move as well. Population. The worldwide population of killer whales is unknown, however they are not endangered whatsoever. Specific populations in a few areas have been estimated in recent years and some areas of the Antarctic alone have about 180,000 killer whales. The population can be distinguished because killer whales travel in pods, or groups. The resident pods can vary from as few as five to as many as fifty whales. The transient pod size varies from one and seven individuals. Physical Characteristics: Size. Male killer whales average about twenty-two to twenty-seven feet and usually weigh between 8,000 and 12,000 pounds. The largest male ever recorded was thirty-two feet and weighed about 21,000 pounds. As a male approaches adulthood, it acquires the typical male characteristics: it gains weight, and its pectoral flippers, dorsal fin, and flukes grow larger than those of females. Female killer whales average about seventeen to twenty-four feet and usually weigh between 3,000 and 8,000 pounds. The largest female recorded was twenty-eight feet and weight about 15,000 pounds. Body Shape. The killer whale has a sleek, streamlined body. Its physical characteristics are adapted for life in an aquatic environment. Coloration. Killer whales are easily recognized by their distinct coloration. The dorsal surface and pectoral flippers are black, except for the area below and behind the dorsal fin. The ventral surface, lower jaw, and undersides of the tail flukes are mostly white and the undersides of the tail fluke are lined with black. A white eyespot is located just above and slightly behind each eye and a gray saddle is located behind the dorsal fin. The distinctive coloration of killer whales is a type of disruptive coloration, a camouflage in which the color pattern of an animal contradicts the animal's body shape. By the flickering, filtered sunlight of the sea, other animals may not recognize a killer whale as a potential predator. Thus, making it easy for the killer whale to get to its prey. Body Parts. A killer whale has distinct pectoral flippers, or forelimbs. They have the major skeletal elements of the forelimb's of land mammals, but they are foreshortened and modified. They are rounded and paddle-like and are used mainly to steer and, with the help of the flukes, to stop. The flukes are the lobe of the tail on a killer whale. They are flattened pads of tough, dense, fibrous connective tissue, completely without bone. A large male killer whale may have tail flukes measuring up to nine feet from tip to tip. All traces of hind limbs have disappeared except for two reduced, rod- shaped pelvic bones, which are buried deep in the body muscle. These reduced hind limbs are not connected to the vertebral column however. The dorsal

Hitlers Killing Factories essays

Hitlers Killing Factories essays Hitlers rise to power following World War I was nothing short of mercurial. He was able to rise to this position of dominance by offering Germans a chance to shed the fetters imposed upon them by the Treaty of Versailles. As a master of rhetoric and deception he was able to place the blame for the loss of World War One on the subversive forces within Germany. Number one on this list of subversives were the Jews. Through propaganda in support of nationalism and social Darwinism he made it obvious that Germany must rid itself of negative forces that reduced the purity of the master race. In this way the Jews became scapegoats of Germanys decline and decay socially, politically and militarily. The leaders of the Riech deemed it neccessary to remove the blemish on their pure society, covertly at first and then successively in a more principled and well orchestrated program of genocidal activity, known to them as the Final Solution. Hitlers idea to eradicate the Jews was conceived long before he became Chancellor in 1933. Murdering an entire people was a daunting, but for Hitler, a necessary task designed for the restoration of Germany and the master race. The logistics and economics behind the plan of mass genocide required the investment of excessive amounts of time, labour and money. Despite the high cost of the operation Nazi leaders felt the solution must be imposed in order to cleanse the Fatherland. Social restrictions, exclusion and alienation were the first of the progressive steps taken to disenfranchise German Jewry. In the face of the threats of an escalating war in the east and the entry of the United States into the global conflict following Pearl Harbor, the answer to the Jewish question became increasingly imminent as Hitler felt he no loner needed to shroud his intentions. The Final Solution was the vision of Adolph Hitler, but its architects were Reichsfuhrer SS Heinrich Himmler...

HRM Practice and Employee Attitudes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HRM Practice and Employee Attitudes - Assignment Example The content of the article is largely associated with how well an organization can generate Human resource management strategies. The abstract of the article has an inclusion of queries that require a lot of research and analysis on how well human resources are handled in an organization. The authors use sources from other authors that have similar findings and analysis results. Additionally, to these sources, the authors have generated their own way of coming up with own research and analysis structure. The information in this article is however based on how well a selected number of organizations related to their human resources. The author used three ways of research methodologies and collection of data. According to Fiona & Alan (2005), HRM practices are analyzed in three ways: employee report on the strengths of the used practice, employee reports and additive measures of numbers of HRM practice. Additionally, the authors measured employee attitudes depending on their commitment to their organization and their organization’s equality scales. The article operates under a thesis statement that is based on determining the relationship between HRM practice and employee work-related attitudes and evaluate whether different strategies in the measurement of HRM shows different results. According to Fiona & Alan (2005) regardless of the evaluation strategies, the results from an HRM practice are the same. They support this argument by the application by citing different evaluation processes used by different human resource experts. The authors further support their argument by comparing different results from different evaluation strategies. For instance, the author evaluated employee reports on an HRM practice and the fairness of the practice in the specific organization.  

How does the film represent the causes of the war and various kinds of Essay

How does the film represent the causes of the war and various kinds of manipulation that keep it going - Essay Example his epoch making book, â€Å"War and Film† mentions in the Introduction section, â€Å"It seems to me that film about war have generally fallen, into one or more categories, and these categories have, in turn, given rise to lineages, taxonomies or modes that can be mapped across different national cinemas† (Chapman, 2008). The effect of war on the creative minds across the globe was so stark that the directors of the twenty-first century could not come out of the trauma and social devastation caused by the outbreak of war. In the year 1996, Yugoslavian director Srdan Dragojecvic made a film bearing the title ‘Pretty Village, Pretty Flame’ that yielded a bizarre but unique and unwelcoming dark humour regarding the events and manipulation that evolved and continued Bosnian war. The film is considered as one of the finest modern classics of Serbian cinema and the plot of the film is motivated by the real life circumstances that occurred during the initial days of Bosnian war. The story of the film centres round a group of Serbian soldiers who got trapped inside the tunnel and were entrapped by a fragment of the Bosnian troop. These soldiers interestingly did not join the war out of any sense of patriotism or extreme nationalism. The screenplay of the film ‘Pretty Village, Pretty Flame’ is based on a magazine article that was published in â€Å"Duga† authored by Vanja Bulic. Through a series of flashbacks, the film represents the early life of every soldier trapped inside the tunnel and endeavours to give an impression about the facts that culminated into a wartime situation and myriad manipulations that took place to continue it. ‘Pretty Village, Pretty Flame’ presents a plot that centres round a long-nurtured friendship of Halil who is a Muslim and Milan a Serbian. Set in the backdrop of 1980s, these two boys spend their boyhood playing and spending a considerable time from their playful days near a tunnel which they found mostly abandoned. Extremely

War on Terror Essay Example for Free

War on Terror Essay I, myself, before September 11, 2001 did not know what terrorism was. It is completely a new term for me, and I could never figure how terrible it is. But then, experiencing and witnessing the feeling of losing the one you loved who was a victim of that disaster, I recognized that the world is no longer as safe as before. Today, not only America but also Britain, Spain, Indonesia†¦became the target of terrorists. The terror tissue is the most challenged thing for all the governments to solve. Even though after September 11, 2001, US has attacked and destroyed a lot terrorists’ bases in over the world, the terrorists still survive and keep aiming to US and its allies. There is an old proverb of ancient Asian military: â€Å"understanding yourself and your enemies is the key to win every battle.† Thus, in order to annihilate terrorism, we need to comprehend what it is. From the book â€Å"War on Terror† of Patrick Coaty, we will be able understand deeply how and why terror has an influence in our society by basing on 3 perspectives: terror and international environment, terror and state, and terror with individual. Terror was first used From the French revolution to the end of World War II as a tool to clean the monarchy in a society by the Jacobins, terrorist groups of French revolution. Then terror was developed when the Soviets threatened and exploited people. Opponents were starved to death. The state controlled what a person ate, wore and even drank. It was evaluated as reliable for Soviet society. The Soviets used terror to break the traditional societal structure that evolved during the Czars ‘reign†. Under the time Soviets ruled the country, the gap between the poor and the rich became larger. The rich became richer and they hide the poor to work for them. Later on, that created the food shortage in the urban of the society because the rich only produced what they needed for life instead of what society needed. The duty of the Soviet Union is to maintain the balance of entire society by control the products of rich peasants. However, they did not success, and that was also the reason why the Soviet Union is collapsed later. Eventually, terrorism evolved under Hitler’s reign to basically killing people to take control and gaining power by combining it with the police power of the state. Hitler learned from the experience of Stalin of Russia he killed all of the people that helped him to become a leader. The Military Organization combined with the Gestapo which was one of the four organizations of the German Workers Party, and was responsible for the killings of millions people. As a result of World War II, the United Nations, which were the permanent members of the U.N Security Council include Great Britain, France, Russian and the Soviet Union, China and the United States, was established to prevent future wars and genocides. The United Nation has an obligation to provide international peace and security. Unfortunately, each member has different perspectives and ways to maintain their influences over the world, and that led to the forming of a favorable environment for terrorist groups and their state sponsors. The nation liberation is another type of terror. During the cold war, many countries were established by using the violence to gain the power. We saw the connection between Soviet Union and groups that used terror as an expression of national revolutionaries to destabilize the government like revolutionaries in Vietnam, Cuba, and Korea. These attacks have these similarities: support from the state, the element of surprise and the access to international media. To gain more power and more influences to other half of the world, Soviet Union and its allies such as Syria, Libya secretly supported the terror group and used them as a political tool to break down the Western countries. The terror groups such as PFLP and the PLO usually targeted to citizen of Israel, and US allies. Although the ending of tension and completion between the Soviet Union and the United States led to the termination of the Soviet Union, and many of the terrorist of groups based in the United States and Western Europe began wither after Communism fell, terrorism did not disappear. In order to maintain and survive, terrorism needs to have a sponsor. The state sponsors of terrorism are between Iran, Syria and their sponsorship group Hezbollah. Iranians have expanded their impact through the Middle East and mainly in Lebanon by helping with the founding of Hezbollah. The Iranian administration has taken part in direct kidnapping and slaying of hundreds of Americans starting with the U.S. Marine barrack attack in Lebanon in 1983. In the meantime, while not directly responsible for the killing of Americans, the Syrian made the terrorist attacks possible by letting the Iranian provide Hezbolla h with military needs that the United State Department has approximately calculated is about 80 million dollars a year. After the attack of 9/11, the US government has discovered that Al-Qaeda was behind. September 11th, an important event for al-Qaeda, marked the change of al-Qaeda from an organization to a movement. The U.S. pushes the September 11th attacks, issue of the counter-terrorism to the top. Unlike the other groups of terrorist like Hezbollah which require a sponsor to make their move, Al-Qaeda has their own financial system. Al-Qaeda makes profits from our needs for drugs and oil. Another way to earn money quickly of Al-Qaeda is trading heroin for money and weapons; it is hard for US government keeps an eyes on what Al Qaeda did to prevent them on time in the future. Moreover, Al Qaeda also used charities as a cover to raise the fund for the attack their enemy, Americans. Bin Laden, a leader of Al Qaeda, made a speech that all Americans will be the target of attack because they pay tax for the government. Before 9/11, Al Qaeda has successful bombed World Trade Center of US, but US government failed to destroy all terrorists at that time. There are three different levels of plans to fight the counter-terrorism. The three are: criminal justice, preemptive strategy to counter-terrorism and targeted killing. Like criminal justice, the domestic police power of the state treats terrorist the same way one would treat kidnappers, bank robbers or murderers. Although international public opinion is generally in agreement that those that preach and actively use terrorist tactics to spread their ideas must be stopped, there is a problem when the U.S. uses means that go against the idea of humane and fair treatment of those being pursued. This is shown by the negative reaction of many Americans to the length of time suspected terrorists have been imprisoned on Guantanamo Bay and the mistreatment of suspected terrorist in the prisons of Iraq. However, to wait for the terrorists to come to U.S. soil is to play with fire. It does not know when and where their next attack will be. How to prevent terrorism is one of the most concerning problem of the government. Supporting the terrorists’ group is one way helps them gain more power and influence. Therefore, the government had better find a way to cut off all the connection between them and their sponsor than trying to rummage everywhere and destroy terrorists one by one. The government has to tighten the security. The lack of security along our borders has also made it possible for terrorist to live among us and to train and organize without our consent. It is the best to let the police and army always be prepared and practice every single day. Protecting and checking status and biography of every citizen cannot be neglected. As a citizen, we should and have to report some suspicious actions of stranger to police. There are a lot of plans being given, but it is said above that we will not know when and where their next attack will be. All we can do is being prepared and knowing how to protect not only ourselves but also people we cherish. Our government needs our help and cooperation. . Although we don’t know that the attack like 9/11 would happen in the future or not, it would be a good start in letting the average individual improves their understanding the elements in the War on Terror.